Coronavirus Illness (COVID-19) is a recently found Corona virus strain that causes an infectious disease. The majority of individuals who get COVID-19 develop mild to moderate symptoms and overcome without any supplementary therapy.

Coronaviruses are a group of closely linked RNA viruses infecting mammals and birds. They cause a variety of illnesses in people and birds, ranging from mild to fatal. Some cases of respiratory illness in humans (which is also caused by various viruses, mostly rhinoviruses) are mild, but SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 are caused by a variety of lethal variations. They induce diarrhea in cows and pigs, as well as hepatitis and inflammation in mice.

Medical research (also known as biomedical research) encompasses a wide range of studies, ranging from "basic research" (also known as bench science) involving fundamental scientific principles that may relate to a preclinical understanding to clinical research, which involves studies of people who may be subjects in clinical trials.

The pharmaceutical industry's drug development process includes both clinical and preclinical research phases, with the clinical phase signified by the phrase clinical trial. Only a portion of clinical or preclinical research is focused on a single pharmacological goal. Pharmaceutical research is just a minor component of medical research since it forms the foundation for basic and mechanism-based knowledge, diagnostics, medical devices, and non-pharmaceutical therapy.

Bacterial Disease is a bacterial-caused sickness. The most common cause of mortality among the elderly is bacterial pneumonia. Enhanced sanitation, vaccinations, and medicines have all reduced bacterial infection death rates, while antibiotic-resistant strains have allowed some diseases to resurface. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Several strains had evolved resistance to one or more of the most commonly used antibiotics.

Examples of Bacterial Infections:

1. Bacterial Meningitis
2. Pneumonia
3. Tuberculosis
4. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
5. Gastritis and Urinary Tract Infections
6. Food Poisoning
7. Eye Infections

A vaccination is a cellular preparation that gives you the protection you need against a specific infectious illness. A biological preparation of disease-causing bacteria is included in the vaccination. A weakened or destroyed version of the bacterium, one of its surface proteins, and its toxins are seldom used in this preparation. Immunization can be therapeutic (to treat a disease that has already developed, such as cancer) or preventive (to prevent the given disease) (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or wild pathogen).       

Infectious diseases that afflict children are known as pediatric infectious disorders. An infectious diseases specialist has the skills and training to effectively identify and treat a kid who develops recurrent illness as a result of an infectious agent from infancy through puberty. In and on our bodies, there are numerous microbes. They're usually harmless or even helpful, but under some circumstances, a few living forms might cause illness. Some infectious diseases can be handed on from one person to the next. Some are spread by insects or animals. Others are acquired by the ingestion of contaminated food or drink. The symptoms and side effects vary depending on the organism that caused the infection, however fever and tiredness are common.

Nosocomial infections are illnesses contracted in a hospital and may be caused by organisms that are resistant to drugs. A nosocomial infection is one that was not present or incubating before to the patient's admission to the hospital, but that developed within 72 hours after admission.

Control: Nosocomial infections can be managed by evaluating and comparing infection rates within a healthcare environment and adhering to optimum healthcare practices. The approach for nosocomial infection surveillance, as well as a study of large outbreaks, is provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

When pathogenic viruses infiltrate an organism's body, infectious virus particles (virions) adhere to and penetrate vulnerable cells, causing viral illness. Viruses can cause significant, perhaps fatal complications such as dehydration, bacterial pneumonia, and other secondary bacterial infections in some situations. Furthermore, sexually transmitted viral illnesses like HIV/AIDS and HPV can cause major consequences and even death.

Examples of Viral Infections Diseases:        

Veterinary medicine may be a discipline of medication that deals with the interference, diagnosis, control, and treatment of unhealthiness, disorder, and harm in animals. It additionally deals with animal rearing, breeding, husbandry, still as nutrition and products development analysis. Medicine covers a good vary of animal species, each domesticated and wild, still as a good vary of sicknesses which will have an effect on varied species

Examples of veterinary Diseases:    

1. Zoonosis
2. Foot Rot
3. Anthrax
4. Ephemeral Fever
5. Rabies

Infections caused by fungi are quite widespread all over the world. Fungal infections in humans arise when an invasive fungus takes over a region of the body and the immune system is unable to control it. Fungi may be found in soil, plants, water, and the atmosphere.  Mycoses are fungal illnesses that affect people and include coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blast mycosis. These infections can be mild, such as an upper respiratory infection, or they can be severe, affecting the entire body, including the bloodstream and organ systems.

Examples of Fungal Infectious Diseases:

Tropical illnesses are those that are only found in or are exclusive to tropical and subtropical areas. In temperate areas, disease propagation is much less due to the advent of a cold season, which reduces the bug population by inducing hibernation. Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are the most prevalent disease carriers or vectors. These insects may contain a bacteria or virus, as well as a parasite, that is harmful to people and animals. Insect "bite" is the most common way for most diseases to spread, and it also spreads the infectious agent through subcutaneous blood exchange. Vaccines for the majority of illnesses are still unavailable.

Sexually transmitted illnesses, generally known as STDs, are infections that are communicated by sexual activity, particularly vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Because STIs seldom produce symptoms at first, there is a higher risk of spreading the disease to others. Vaginal discharge, pelvic discomfort, ulcers on or around the genitals, and penile discharge are all symptoms and indicators of STIs. STIs can be transmitted to a newborn before or after childbirth, which can lead to bad results for the kid. Infertility can be caused by certain STIs. Safe sex behaviors including using condoms, having fewer sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has sex with each other reduce the risk of STIs. Adult male circumcision may be beneficial in preventing certain infections.

Examples of STDs Infection:

Neuro infectious illnesses can damage the nervous system, from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and nerves. Furthermore, the majority of neuro infectious illnesses include encephalitis and meningitis, in which bacterial or viral infection causes inflammation of the membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord, which can result in impairment or death.

It is a medical specialty that promotes scientific study in the areas of neurophysiology, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological illnesses caused by bacteria or viruses that impact the nervous system.

Examples of Neuro Infectious Diseases:

Disease can be caused by bacteria or viruses invading the body. Bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungus are some of the microorganisms that cause infection.

Immunity refers to the body's defense system against illnesses and infections. The immune response is a biological response that protects your body from invading cells, chemicals, and tissues. The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, particular deposits of lymphoid tissue (such as those in the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow), macrophages, lymphocytes (including T cells and B cells), and antibodies are all part of the immune system.

Inflammation: Inflammation can be caused by chemical, physical, or biological causes, such as intense sunlight, mechanical trauma, x-ray, and radioactive elements, extremes of heat and cold, corrosive chemicals, or infectious agents; however, infection and inflammation are not identical.

Internal medicine practitioners, often known as general internal medicine specialists or general medicine physicians in Commonwealth nations, are educated to address complicated or multisystem illness situations that single-organ disease practitioners may not be equipped to handle. They may be requested to deal with undifferentiated presentations that fall beyond of a single-organ specialty's scope of practice, such as dyspnea, exhaustion, weight loss, chest discomfort, disorientation, or a change in consciousness. They can treat significant acute illnesses that impact many organ systems in a single patient at the same time, as well as multiple chronic diseases or "comorbidities" that a single patient may have.

Internal medicine in general Practitioners does not inherently have less competence than single-organ experts; rather, they are educated for a specialized role in caring for patients who have many disorders at the same time or who have complicated comorbidities.

The study of a drug's or medication's action is pharmacology, a field of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are the two primary branches of pharmacology. Pharmacodynamics is associated with the study of a drug's impacts on biological systems, while pharmacokinetics is associated with the study of a drug's effects on biological systems. Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from biological systems, whereas pharmacodynamics is concerned with the interactions of chemicals with biological receptors.

Case reports may provide a patient's demographic data, but they generally describe an exceptional or original event. Case reports have long been an important part of medical education, since they provide a framework for case-based learning and application. A case report is a complete account of a patient's symptoms, diagnosis, signs, therapy, and follow-up in medicine. Only a few additional case reports include a literature evaluation of previously known instances. Case reports are expert narratives that provide input on clinical practice recommendations and provide a framework for early warning signs of adverse events, efficacy, and cost. They can be disseminated for educational, scientific, or medicinal objectives.

Blood-borne pathogens such as bacteria, fungus, viruses, and parasites can invade our bloodstream and cause infectious disorders. Bacteria can enter your bloodstream through wounds or through another infection like pneumonia or a urinary tract infection. Viruses including influenza, dengue fever, hepatitis B, poliovirus, and HIV, as well as parasites like plasmodium and trypanosome brucei, can all infiltrate your circulation.

Examples of blood Infectious Diseases: 

1. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
2. Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
3. Giardiasis
4. Infectious Mononucleosis

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of health and disease situations in specified populations, including their distribution (who, when, and where), trends, and factors. Epidemiologists assist with research design, data gathering, statistical analysis, and findings interpretation and dissemination

Other scientific disciplines are used by epidemiologists, such as biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make effective use of data and develop suitable findings, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering to measure exposure.

• Scientific
• Systematic
• Data Based
• Natural Disaster

Parasitology is the study of parasites and their hosts, as well as their interactions. In biological terms, the breadth of parasitology is governed by the way they exist rather than the organism or environment. Parasites reduce host fitness by general or specific disease, and they also influence the human body in a variety of ways, including through the oral route, skin, arthropod vectors, and sexual interaction. Several laboratory techniques, such as imaging techniques and endoscopy, are used to diagnose parasite infections

Plant disease is a change in a plant's normal state that affects or stops its important functioning. Depending on the causal agent, plant diseases can be classed as noninfectious or infectious. Plant diseases cost farmers a lot of money all around the world. Plant disease control is critical for reliable food production, and it causes considerable issues in agricultural land, water, fuel, and other input consumption. Plants have inherent disease resistance in both natural and cultivated populations, but there are numerous examples of devastating plant disease impacts, such as the Great Famine of Ireland and chestnut blight, as well as recurrent severe plant diseases like rice blast, soybean cyst nematode, and citrus canker.

Examples of Plant Diseases:

An antimicrobial drug is an agent that either stops the growth of microorganisms or kills them. Antimicrobial medicines can be assembled by how they act basically against the organism. For example, antifungals are used against fungi, and antibiotics are used against bacteria. Classification of them can be made according to their function. Agents that merely inhibit their growth are called bacteriostatic agents, while agents that kill microbes are microbicides. The use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as antimicrobial prophylaxis, while the use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy. 

Septicemia, also known as Sepsis, is a potentially fatal complication that occurs when germs from another infection enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. It requires immediate medical care since it can cause organ failure, tissue damage, and death. Sepsis is an extremely serious condition that arises when an infection goes awry. The immune system is suppressed beyond this early stage. Fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and disorientation are all common indications and symptoms. Symptoms of a particular illness, such as a cough with pneumonia or painful urination with a kidney infection, may also be present. The extremely young, the elderly, and those with a compromised immune system may show no signs or symptoms of an illness, and their body temperature may be low or normal rather than high. Severe sepsis impairs organ function as well as blood flow. Limited blood pressure, high blood lactate, and low urine output can all indicate inadequate blood flow. Low blood pressure caused by sepsis that does not improve after fluid replacement is referred to as septic shock.

Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola viruses in humans and other animals. Fever, pharyngitis, muscle soreness, and headaches are common signs and symptoms that appear two to three weeks after catching the virus. Vomiting, diarrhea, and a rash are common side effects, as is liver and renal dysfunction.

Zika Viral Infection:       

Zika virus illness, often known as Zika fever, is an infectious disease caused by the Zika virus. The majority of cases have no symptoms, but when they do appear, they are generally mild and might be mistaken for dengue fever. A increase in fever, red eyes, joint discomfort, and a headache are all possible symptoms. Symptoms usually last less than a week. During the first infection, no deaths have been documented. Microcephaly and other brain abnormalities can be caused via mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy in certain newborns. Zika fever is spread mostly by the bite of Aedes mosquitos. It may also be sexually transmitted and transferred through blood transfusions.

Orthopedic surgery is a type of surgery that deals with problems with the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine problems, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, cancers, and congenital abnormalities with both surgical and nonsurgical methods.

These infections can arise on their own, but they are more commonly a consequence of surgery, particularly joint replacement operations.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), often known as chronic illnesses, are diseases that cannot be communicated from one person to another.  Cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases are the four primary classifications, and they impose a significant and rising burden on health and development.

Examples of Non communicable Diseases:

• Alzheimer's Disease
• Cancer
• Epilepsy
• Osteoarthritis
• Osteoporosis
• Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke)
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Coronary Artery Disease.

Infection control in a health care institution refers to the prevention of germs from spreading from one person to another. Frequent hand washing, infection outbreak management, hygienic water, and food in the hospital must all be maintained to prevent these infectious disorders.

Errors in Diagnosis: At any of these points, diagnostic mistakes can arise. Diagnostic mistakes occur when a doctor fails to offer a correct and timely explanation of a patient's health concerns, or when that explanation is not communicated to the patient.

Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care based on the evaluation of failed outcomes of illness management and treatments in individual instances or series.

• Diagnostic Errors
• Treatment Failure

Cancer is a condition that is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth that can invade and spread to other regions of the body. A lump, odd hemorrhage, a chronic cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel processes are all signs and symptoms to look out for. Around 100 distinct varieties of cancer impact humans. The human papillomavirus is the most common virus connected to human malignancies. While papillomaviruses are not malignant in and of themselves, they are linked to an increased risk of cancer.

Types of cancers:

1. Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
2. Breast Cancer
3. Lung Cancer
4. Prostate Cancer
5. Colon and Rectal Cancers

By obtaining, debating, disseminating, and promoting evidence-based material important to intensivists, Critical Care aspires to enhance the care of critically sick patients. Critical care is reserved for hospital patients with life-threatening illnesses who require constant medical attention and monitoring. Patients in intensive care units, often known as ICUs, are looked after by a team of professionals that includes: Specially trained nurses, Physicians. Critical care nursing is a branch of nursing that focuses on providing the best possible care to critically sick or unstable patients who have experienced major damage, surgery, or are suffering from life-threatening illnesses.

Critical care Applications:

• Aspects of the patient's condition that necessitate a thorough examination
• Medication with a high-intensity effect
• Ongoing treatment and interventions
• Encouraging commitment to medical ethics principles
•  Providing comprehensive care to patients and their families