Infectious Diseases, Prevention and Control

The disease-causing agents in the organism their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce results to infection. Infections are caused by parasites, virus, bacteria, fungi, etc. Viral infections involve different parts of the body or more than one body part at the same time which may be a runny nose, sinus congestion, cough, body aches etc. Few viral infections like herpes are painful. The pain of viral infections is often shown by the burning or itching on the respective part. One of the common bacterial infection is tuberculosis with the utmost risk factor. The symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness, heat, swelling and pain. Pain of the specific body part is the hallmark for bacterial infection. Fungi diseases can cause many different types of illnesses like asthma or allergies, rashes or infections on the skin and nails, bloodstream infections, yeast infections etc.

• Meningitis
• Pneumonia
• Nausea

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease spread in recent times. This disease can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Respiratory diseases are the most common symptom observed in infected people. Older people and the people who are suffering from medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to be effected. The information regarding the COVID-19 virus should be well informed for the prevention of the virus. Protect yourself and others from this infection. Three primary steps to be taken are washing your hands with water regularly or sanitizing by using an alcohol based sanitizer and do not touch your face. It’s important that you also practice respiratory hygiene and follow social distancing.

• Contagious Diseases
• Coronavirus Vaccine
• Tuberculosis

An infectious disease related to children is termed as pediatric infectious diseases which are caused in children of different age groups. Pediatric infectious diseases experts deal with the infections occurring in children diagnose and treat to prevent these diseases by evaluating the symptoms. Common pediatric infections include Pneumonia- diagnosed in nearly 2% of infants < 1 year and in 4% of children aged 1 to 5 years. It is estimated that 90% of pediatric pneumonia are caused by viral agents. Otitis Media is an infection observed in children who live with the smoking adults. Innovative primary care is required for all the children.

• Diarrhea
• Dengue
• Neonatal Malaria

The condition passed from one person to another through sexual contact is referred as sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the STD. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) or veneral disease (VD) is also called as sexually transmitted disease. STDs can be also be transmitted through sharing needles and breastfeeding. There are few types of STDs like Chlamydia, HPV (human papillomavirus), pelvic inflammatory disease and Syphilis etc.., HPV may lead to oral, cervical, vulvar, penile cancers.

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• AIDS
• Gonorrhea

Consuming contaminated foods or beverages leads to foodborne illness. Causes for foodborne diseases are food contaminants, biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Chemical hazards include natural toxins and chemical contaminants. Physical hazards can include metals, plastic pieces, and broken glass. Majorly these diseases are caused from bacteria, pathogens and virus. The pathogenic micro-organisms like viruses and bacteria that are transmitted in water are responsible for waterborne diseases. Spread of these diseases can be done while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water.

• Cholera
• Typhoid
• Mumps
• Whooping cough

Emerging infectious diseases are infections that appear in a population. Outbreaks are the occurrence of disease cases in an abundance of what would normally be expected. Ebola infection spreads by contact with blood and discharges that stay on dress, needles and syringes or other medical supplies used to treat Ebola-infected patients, direct contact with blood and secretions. Viruses transmitted basically by aedes mosquitoes, which bite during the day are responsible for Zika virus disease. Symptoms include muscle and joint pain, fever, malaise or a headache. Zika virus infection during pregnancy can result in infant to be born with Zika syndrome like microcephaly and other congenital syndromes. Miscarriage and preterm birth in pregnancy might be a cause of Zika virus. There is a high risk in pregnancy in the outbreaks.

• Ebola virus
• Zika virus
• West Nile Virus Infection

Infection control & public awareness is essential to educate patients, families, guests and careers about human services related infection, what activities medicinal services offices may have set up to ensure contaminations are counteracted however much as could reasonably be expected, and what they can do to restrain the spread of contaminations. Healthcare providers have a social duty to protect patients and prevent pointless damage. In life-threatening emergencies requiring immediate action, healthcare providers should measure the relative risk to patient life and decide the most proper disease control practice under those circumstances. The public should also be aware of the damage that can be caused by neglecting the treatment of infectious diseases.

• Antibiotic
• Antibacterial Agents
• Antifungal
• Antiviral Drugs

The medical harm which can be majorly prevented is drug interactions in the infectious diseases. Drug interactions represent a major risk to patients. The approved drug product labels for anti-infective drugs, direct-acting antivirals for HCV, HIV drugs unveil that drug interactions present a huge challenge for patients and their healthcare providers. Non-CYP enzymes, CYP enzymes, and changes in gastric pH, the ever-growing list of drug transporters may be the cause of interactions. There are other considerations which incorporate interactions due to food components, herbal medications and biological products.

• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protoazoa
• Parasitology

Microorganisms are the main cause of infectious diseases. There are different types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. These infectious diseases can spread from one to another, the environment, from animal contact, or from insect bites. Fever, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, fatigue, and muscle aches are the symptoms of many infectious diseases. Vaccines prevent the infectious diseases like influenza, diphtheria, hepatitis b, measles, meningitis, serotype b infection, tetanus, rubella, yellow fever through immunization. Vaccine-preventable disease is referred to the infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists. If a person procures a vaccine-preventable disease and if he dies from it then the death is considered a vaccine-preventable death.

• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
• Poliomyelitis (polio)
• Measles

Influenza is commonly known as flu which is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus. High fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, and feeling tired are the major symptoms which begin after 2 days of the virus attacks and can last more than 2 weeks. In children, symptoms can be diarrhea and vomiting which is referred to as "stomach flu" or the "24-hour flu”. It may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, asthma or heart failure.

• Nasal Congestion
• Swine Flu
• Norovirus Infection

The mortality rate of respiratory diseases and blood infections is 30-40% of the effected. Blood infections or blood poisoning occurs when a bacterial infection enters the circulation system from lungs or skin. BSI can be categorized as hospital-acquired, community-acquired depending on the site of receiving infection and hazard factors. Germs that can infect the respiratory framework can spread through saliva from the salivary glands and mucus which is also known as "respiratory secretions".

• Sepsis
• Burning or pain with urination
• Foreign bodies

Pathology is the study of the origin and consequences of infection or injury. The health practice of pathology is committed to the general study of disease and its processes as well as the specific diagnosis of disease, since pathologists are involved in exploring the clues to diseases and injuries by examining the organs, tissues, body fluids, cells, and molecules. The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa is known as microbiology. It consists of essential lookup on the biochemistry, physiology, telephone biology, ecology, evolution and medical factors of microorganisms. This consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, at the same time regarded as microbes. These microbes play key roles in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, bio deterioration, local weather change, meals spoilage, and biotechnology.

• Immunization
• Neuropathology
• Pathogenicity & Virulence
• Food Microbiology

The department of science which offers with the diseases, viable manages of illness and elements associated to fitness are acknowledged as epidemiology. This helps to understand patterns and determinants of fitness and diseases. This is an essential thing for public fitness as it identifies the chance elements for illnesses and ambitions preventive fitness care. In easy phrases epidemiology is “The learn about of the distribution and determinants of health-related problems and activities in unique populace and additionally utility of the find out about to manage fitness problems”.

• Cancer Epidemiology
• Fatigue Disorders
• Clinical Epidemiology
• Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

Case reports may provide a patient's demographic data, but they generally describe an exceptional or original event. Case reports have long been an important part of medical education, since they provide a framework for case-based learning and application. A case report is a complete account of a patient's symptoms, diagnosis, signs, therapy, and follow-up in medicine. Only a few additional case reports include a literature evaluation of previously known instances. Case reports are expert narratives that provide input on clinical practice recommendations and provide a framework for early warning signs of adverse events, efficacy, and cost. They can be disseminated for educational, scientific, or medicinal objectives.